When reading through Kline’s chapter on the origins of the video game industry, one of the biggest claims that stuck out to me was about the necessity of literature and culture to shape the realm of the industry as we now know it. “Here we confront a little-understood aspect of the circuitry of technological innovation, especially within the digital disciplines: the role of cultural contexts and subcultural practices in the dynamics of innovation and design” (Kline 88). I could not agree more with his assessment, not only for the origins of the video game industry but continuing on even to today. Kline mentions Asimov’s 1950’s science fiction writing as well as Orwell’s 1984 and their depictions of futuristic societies, but I’d say go back even further to E.M. Forster’s short story, The Machine Stops. Published in 1909, Forster, writes about humanity enclosed off in rooms controlled almost entirely by a central, all-seeing machine. He predicts the use of social video messaging and conferences with almost frightening accuracy. Yet furthermore, when I first read that short story, I could not help but think of the many gamers who practically lock themselves down in their basement and play their video games for countless amount of hours at a time, or as Kline mentions, going back to the origins of RPG’s with Dungeons and Dragons (89) (of which the movie depiction shows when things that can get out of control in its own sense). In another example we see William Gibson’s Neuromancer (1984), a novel portraying (ironically) hackers who “jack into” a virtual reality in cyberspace (it was Gibson who coined the term “Matrix” as it is now used). That novel had a huge impact not only on the newly formed cyberpunk genre in literature, but on the video game industry of whom is constantly looking to expand to the latest and greatest ideas in technology. Needless to say, video games are and always will be wrapped around the culture and literature, particularly of the science fiction genre, that we read and encounter on a daily basis.